Various forms of encouragement to vaccinate have been proposed including lotteries. The ethical justification is that the prize money will be less of a cost to the economy than further lockdowns and other restrictions.

The best idea I heard (in a Freakonomics’ podcast) was that a winner would be declared each period from the general population but they could only claim the prize if they’d received a vaccination. The names of all winners would be published. Those who’d refused vaccination and therefore could not claim the prize would then have to explain to friends, colleagues, family and strangers why they’d made their decision. It’s a great carrot and stick idea.